sscprepo

Physics

Light

Light:

Light is electromagnetic radiation that moves in a straight line. It has a dual Nature particle nature as well as a wave nature. Light has tiny packets of energy called photons. Light does not require any physical medium to travel. Speed of light in vacuum =3*108 m/sec, faster than speed of sound.

Scattering of light:

Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which light deviates from its path on interacts with obstacles like dust particles, gas molecules or water vapours.

Raleigh-Scattering:

  • It takes place when the particles are small in size.
  • Scattering = 1/λ4, where λ is the wavelength of light.

Mie-Scattering:

  • It takes place when particles are large.
  • Here scattering is evenly distributed for all types of wavelength.

Spectacular phenomena of Scattering:

  • Tyndall effect. (Scattering of light by colloidal particles)
  • The blue colour of the sky in the daytime.
  • The red cloud at the time of Sun set and Sun rise.
  • The red colour of the emergency signal (as maximum wavelength).
  • Cloud and fog are white.
  • The blue colour of ocean water.
  • The black colour of the moon sky.

Reflection of light:

The bounce back of light when it falls on a surface is called the reflection of light.

Light
Reflection

Law of reflection:

  • The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection are same.
  • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal, all lie in the same plane.

Properties of reflection:

  • Green plants look green as they reflect green light towards our eyes and absorb all the rest colours. Hence plants have a low rate of photosynthesis in green light.
  • Red roses look black in green light.

Plane Mirror:

Light
Plane mirror image formation

  • The focal length of the plane Mirror is indefinite.
  • The power of the plane Mirror is always Zero.
  • The nature of images formed by the plane mirror are, Virtual, erect, lateral inverted, unmagnified, of the same size and at the same distance as the object.
  • No screen is required to obtain the image.
    Light
    Lateral Inverted
  • A mirror of insufficient size does not affect the image as even a small of mirror forms an image of half of the universe.
  • A plane mirror is used for making periscopes.
  • Numbers of images formed by two plane mirrors:
    (i) θ=180, n=1
    (ii) θ=0, n= infinite
    (iii) θ=90, n= 3 (changing room)
    (iv) θ=10, n= 35 (barber’s shop)

Refraction of light:

Refraction of light is a phenomenon in which light rays bend when they pass through from one medium to another medium. For the refraction of light two mediums are required i.e Rarer (air) and denser (water)

Light
Light

Law of reflection:

  • The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine of angle of refraction is constant [Snell’s Law]
  • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal are all in the same plane.

Application of refraction of light

  • The twinkling of stars.
  •  The Sun appears two minutes earlier and remains two minutes later than actual time.
  • The pond seems less deep than it.
  • The pencil seems bend in a water bottle.

When light transfers from a rarer medium to a denser medium

  • The speed of light decreases.
  • The wavelength of light decreases.
  • Light bends towards normal (N).
  • Refractive index (μ) > 1
  • The angle of incidence (i) > the angle of refraction (r)
  • The frequency and colour of light remain the same.

when light transfers from a rarer to a denser medium

  • all points get reversed except frequency and colour as they remain the same.

Refractive Index (μ):

  • It is the ratio of the Speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.
  • The value of μ depends upon Medium-I, Medium-II, Temperature and Colour of Light.
  • The value of the refractive index does not depend upon the Incidence angle.
Material Refractive Index (μ)
Vacuum 1
Air 1.0003
Water 1.33
Diamond 2.4
Silicon 3.9
Germanium 4

Dispersion of Light:

It is a phenomenon in which a white beam of light gets split into a spectrum of colours when it passes through a prism called dispersion. The power of dispersion depends upon the material of the prism.

Light
Dispersion of light

Total Internal Reflection (TIR):

It is a phenomenon in which a ray of light come form one to another medium is not refracted into second medium but it get completely reflected back into the first medium.

 

 

Light Read More »

Units, Measurement and Dimensional Formulae

Systems of Units:

  1. C.G.S (Centimetre Gram Second): It is also called the French System or Metric System, Introduced on 01 April 1956. In this system, length is measured in Centimetre, Mass in Grams and Time in Seconds.
  2. F.P.S (Foot Pound Second): It is the British system. In this system, length is measured in feet, Mass in pounds and Time in Seconds.
  3. M.K.S (Metre Kilogram Second): It is the American system. In this system, length is metres, Mass in kilograms and Time in Seconds.
  4. S.I (International System of Units): This system was adopted worldwide in 1960 as an SI system. India adopted the SI system of units on 01 April 1957. There are 07 fundamental units and 02 complementary units.

Fundamental Units:

  • From 20 May 2019, the definitions of  04 fundamental units (kilogram, ampere, Kelvin and Mol) out of 07 fundamental units have been changed, now all 07 units have stable and constant values.
Fundamental Physical Quantity Units (SI) Symbol New Definition
(20 May 2019)
Mass kilogram kg Now kilogram will be defined by the Plank constant
Length metre m
Time second sec
Electric Current Ampere A Now Ampere will be defined by the elementary electric charge (e)
Temperature Kelvin K Now Kelvin will be defined by Boltzmann’s constant
Amount of substance mol mol Now mol will be defined by Avagadro’s constant
Luminous intensity Candela cd

Complementary or derived units:

Fundamental Physical Quantity Units (SI) Symbol
Angular Displacement Radian rad
Solid Angle Steradian sr

Important Physical Quantities and their Units:

Physical Quantity Unit 
Charge Coulamb (q)
Potential Difference Volt (V)
Resistivity Ohm-Meter
Resistance Ohm (Ω)
Conductance Mho=ohm-1
Conductivity siemens
Impedance ohm
Capacitance Farad
Inductance Henry
Luminous Intensity Candela
Luminous Flux Lumen
Magnetic Flux Waber
Magnetic Field Intensity Tesla or Gause
Power of lens Diopter=m-1
(m=focal length, always in meters)
Loudness of Sound decibel (dB)
Radioactivity Becquerel (Bq)
Nuclear radius Fermi
perceived loudness of sound Sone
Light Photon

Important dimensional formulae and units:

Quantity  unit  dimensional formula
Force newton [MLT-2]
Friction Newton [MLT-2]
Tension newton [MLT-2]
thrust newton [MLT-2]
Torque newton-meter [ML2T-2]
Work Joule or Newton-Meter [ML2T-2]
Energy Joule [ML2T-2]
Surface Energy Joule [ML2T-2]
Heat Joule [ML2T-2]
Power Watt or Joule/sec [ML2T-3]
Velocity or Speed M/sec [M0LT-1]
Acceleration m/sec2 [M0 LT-2]
Linear Momentum kg.m/sec [MLT-1]
Angular Momentum kg.m/sec2 [MLT-2]
Angular Velocity Rad./sec [M0L0T-1]
Angular acceleration rad/sec2 [M0L0T-2]
Plank’s constant joule.sec [ML2T-1]
coefficient of viscosity newton.sec/m2 [ML0T-1]
Frequency sec-1 [M0L0T-1]
Gas constant joule/mol.k [ML2T-2K-1]
Latent Heat joule/kg [M0L2T-2]
Moment of inertia kg.m2 [ML2T0]
Pressure Newton/m2
or Pascal or bar or atm
[ML-1T-2]
universal gravitational constant Nm2/kg2 [M-1L3T-2]
Impulse kg.m/sec or Ns [MLT-1]
Modulus of Bulk/young/
of elasticity
N/m2 or Pa [ML-1T-2]
Stephen’s constant J/K4.sec.m2 [M1L0T-3K-4]

 

Units, Measurement and Dimensional Formulae Read More »

Scroll to Top