sscprepo

English

General English

Pronoun

English
1. Pronoun
  • A word that replaces a Noun is called a pronoun
2. Personal Pronoun:
  • Related to a Person
    Person
    Sub.
    Poss Adj.
    Obj.
    Poss Pronoun
    1st
    I/WE
    MY/OUR
    ME/US
    MINE
    2nd
    YOU
    YOUR
    YOUR
    YOURS
    3rd
    HE
    SHE
    THEY
    HIS
    HER
    THEIR
    HIM
    HER
    THEM
    HIS
    HERS
    THEIRS
    -
    IT
    ITS
    IT
    -
  • Some important points:
  • [ Same case + and + same case ]
    subjective case/objective case/Possessive case + and + subjective case/objective case/Possessive case
    ⇒Rahul is talking to she her.
    ⇒All except I am me are invited.
    ⇒This dog is my mine.

  • [ Same case + than + same case ]
    The speed of a computer is higher than that of a calculator.
    A computer’s speed is higher than a calculator’s.
    Salaries of the private sector are higher than those of the government sector.

  • [ subjective case + verb + objective case ]
  • [ Preposition + Objective case ]
  • Subjective case/ Objective case + Noun/ Gerund ]
  • [ Possessive case + Noun/ gerund ]
  • [ Possessive adjective + Noun = Possessive Pronoun ]
    His brother works in the company of my mine/ of my brother.
    [ Theirs (poss pron) Their (poss adj) car (N) beat our car/ours.
    Note: [Our + car = ours] 
  • Possessive adjectives are never used in subjective cases.
    (exception: His, as the same case in both poss. adj & Poss. Pronoun)
    ⇒My (poss. adj) street (N) is (link verb) clean (adj) and his (sub) is unclean (sub compl).
    ⇒She broke hers her (poss. adj.) pen (N) and asked for (prep for obj) our ours (obj).
  • [ Possessive Pronoun +  Noun ]
    [ Possessive Pronon + Adjective ]
    Possessive Pronouns can be used as a subjective case
  • superlative degree  ________ that  ________.
    ⇒Sachin is the best player that everyone knows.
  • Question word________ that__________.
    ⇒Who is the boy that killed the snake?
  • Use of That
    The Only, The Few, The Little, All, The Best,, Every+one/body/thing, Some+one/body/thing, Any+one/body/thing, No+one/body/thing
    +That

    ⇒This is one of the best suggestions that have ever been made by you.
    ⇒She is the only one of them that has qualified for this exam.
3. Arrangement of Pronouns:
  • [ For good Acts: 231 ]
    ⇒You, he, and I should help her.
  • [ For bad Acts: 123 ]
    ⇒I, you, and he broke the rules
4. General English Reflexive Pronoun:
  • [ ___________ verb + reflexive pronoun. ]
  • [ emphatic pronoun  + verb +____________ ]
    ⇒Shalini herself praised the move.
  • Subjective Case
    Possessive Adjective
    Objective Case
    Possessive Pronoun
    Reflexive Pronoun
    I
    my
    me
    mine
    myself (sing.)
    we
    our
    us
    ours
    ourselves (plural)
    you
    your
    you
    yours
    yourself/yourselves (sing/plural)
    He
    his
    him
    them
    his
    himself (sing)
    She
    her
    her
    hers
    herself (sing)
    It
    its
    it
    -
    itself (sing)
    they
    their
    theirs
    themselves (plural)
  • [ Reflexive Pronoun: used as objective case ]
    ⇒He introduced himself to (prep) the VC (obj for prep) of (prep) the company (obj for prep).
  • Reflexive Pronoun: used as a subjective case:
    ⇒Myself is     i am Bhavik and I teach English.
    ⇒I myself (emphatic pronoun) am Bhavik.
  • ⇒Naina enjoyed [Transitive verb] the party (here object is for verb).
    ⇒Naina enjoyed in the party (here object is for preposition).
    ⇒Naina enjoyed herself in the party.
  • Category 1: Reflexive Verbs
    Category 2: Reflexive Verbs
    Introduce, Satisfy, Enjoy, Avail, Pride, Prostrate, Promote, Absent, Present, Hurt
    Reconcile, Resign, Submit, Help, Behave, Adjust, Acquit, Adapt
  • [ if category: 1 verb + object + reflexive pronoun ]
    ⇒she enjoyed _______ in the party.(no object for verb)
    ⇒She enjoyed herself in the party.
  • [ if category: 1 verb + object + reflexive pronoun] 
    ⇒The magician introduced his assistant (object) to the audience.
  • NOTE: [To no avail & of no avail] +reflexive pronoun
  • [ Category: 2 verbs- If these verbs are followed by the preposition ‘TO’ then use a reflexive pronoun.] 
    ⇒Resigned herself to________.
    ⇒Help himself to____________.
  • No use of Reflexive Pronoun
    Dress, Shave, Wash, Relax, Bathe, Keep, Remain, Move, Stop, Concentrate, Hurry, Wake-Up, Lie-down, Meet, Hide, Turn, Sleep, Shower, Clean  
5. General English Relative Pronoun:
  • Who
    Which
    That
    What
    Used: For Human
    Used: For Non-Human
    Used: For Human + Non-Human (specific)
    Use : when no Antecedent is given

Pronoun Read More »

English nouns

English Nouns

English

English Nouns

 

1. NOUN TYPE :

  1. PROPER NOUN : John, The Hindu, Red-Fort etc.
  2. COMMON NOUN : Boy, Newspaper, Fort etc.
  3. COLLECTIVE NOUN : Team, Cattle, Police etc.
  4. MATERIAL NOUN : Milk, Wood, Sand, Iron etc.
  5. ABSTRACT NOUN : Feel, Information, Youth etc.
    Identification of Abstract Noun : [Suffix- _____ment, ____ition, _____ion, ___ision, ___ness, ___dom, __hood, __ter, __ity, __ty, __y, __red, __ship, __ance, __ence etc ]

  • Countable Noun category (2) : Common Noun, Collective Noun
  • Uncountable Noun category (3) : Proper Noun, Material Noun, Abstract Noun
  • Countable Noun = Singular / Plural [Can Both]
    Uncountable Noun = Always singular

2. Role of Noun : 

  • as a subject
  • as a object
  • as a object compliment
  • as a subject compliment

eg: Honesty (sub→Noun ) is (link verb) the best policy (Sub-compliment). 

 

3. Compound Noun :

 
    • eg. Son-in-law, Sun-set, Bus-stop etc.
      Ramesh lives near the bus-stop ( Here preposition NEAR is use for Object bus-stop not for lives).
    •  Possession: On last element.
      eg: Mother-in-law‘s
    • Pluralise : Major word + s/es
      eg: Mothers-in-law , commanders-in-chief
      Handfuls, general managers
    • NOTE : [THE+ADJECTIVE]=NOUN (countable), and always followed by plural helping verb.
      eg. The poor, the Indian, the good, the rich etc.

4. CONVERSION OF ADJECTIVE TO NOUN 

  • Komal is a beauty (noun) beautiful (adjective) girl (noun).
  • adjective vs noun
    * Happy (Adjective) Happiness (Noun) is the key (sub compliment) to a healthy life.
    (Note : adjective can’t work as the subject of sentence)
  • There are some more example of Adjective-Noun in the table given below.
Adjective
Noun
Good
Goodness
True (True Friend)
Trueness/Truth
Brave
Braveness/ Bravery
Wise
wiseness/wisdom
poor
poverty/pooverness
vacant (vacant seat)
vacancy
human
humanity/humaness
grow
growth
live
life
hate
hate/hatred
die
death
free
freedom
punish
punishment
think
thought

5. NOUN – NUMBER :

 
    • This is applicable only for Common and Collective Noun
    • Noun classification based on Numbers : Singular and Plural
    • Singular noun : singular verb , article A/An 
      one boy = a boy
      one apple = An apple
    • Plural Noun : Plural verb
    • Article + adjective + Singular countable Noun
      Article + adjective + Singular un-countable Noun
      [Sequence] – Determiner/Article + adverb + adjective + noun
    • Table : conversion of Singular noun to Plural Noun   

6. Collective Noun:

  •  Police, committee, team, Jury, audience, Herd, crowd, band, choir
  • Individual Sense: Plural verb
  • Collective Sense: Singular verb
    eg: 
    The committee were fighting among themselves.
    The committee was headed by the PM.
 

7. Important Rules of Noun:

  • Three tens:- 3×10=30
    Three tenths:- 3/10
    1 :- Singular Helping Verb
    1.00001 :- Plural Helping Verb
    1+1/2 :-  Plural Helping Verb
  • [Number] +[ Pair, Dozen, Hundred, thousand, million, score, etc]        + [Plural Helping verb]
    eg:-
    A dozen apples, one and a half days, one day and a half

     

  •  One-third + Singular Helping Verb
    Two-third/……..thired/forth + Plural Helping Verb
    eg:-
    1. One-third of population is crazy
    2. Two-third of the people are wearing coats.
    3. Two spoons of salt is added to this dish. 
    4. Govt. gave a 100 Million rupees subsidy.
  • adjective : never singular OR Plural
    1. My grandma is aged 3 score and 15 years.
    2. Ram wants three thousands (adjective) of thousand rupees(Noun).
    3. She demanded two (adjective) years (noun) 
    4. One year’s (possessive case of noun) journey (sub noun) is enough.
  • Number of Plural (Noun/Pronoun) + Singular Helping Verb
    Each of boys is good at English.
    Either of boys is good at English.
    Both of boys is good at English.
    None of boys is good at English.
  • None (not one) = Singular Helping Verb
    None (not all) = Plural Helping verb
    eg:-
    None of the work is given to him.
    None of the books are read by him.
  • For uncountable Noun:
    Little : close to zero
    A Little : thoda sa
    The Little : jo bhi thoda sa
    Much : Bhaut sara
  • For countable Noun :
    Few : close to zero
    A Few : thoda sa
    The Few : jo bhi thoda sa
    Many :     Bhaut sara
Singular Noun
Plural Noun
Simple Rule
car
house
cars
houses
sh, ch, ss, s, o, x : Rule [Add 'es']
Dish
Batch
kiss
box
Dishes
 Batches
Kisses
Boxes
consonant + Y: Rule [Add 'ies' ,remove 'Y']
Lady
Ladies
F/Fe : Rule [add 'ves', remove 'f/fe']
Wife
Thief
Wives
Thieves
Miscellaneous
Man
Woman
Tooth
Mouse
Men
Women
Theet
Mice
Exception
solo
photo
logo
ratio
kilo
zero
commando
piano
dynamo
safe
proof
gulf
chief
solos
photos
logos
ratios
kilos
zeros
commandos
pianos
dynamos
safes
proofs
gulfs
chiefs
List : Always Singular Noun
Disease : Rickets, Mumps, Measles, Shingles,  
Subjects : Mathematics, Physics, Social Studies, Electronics, Economics, Ethics, etc
Games : Billiards, Draughts 
Others: news, politics, summons, innings, scenery, stationary, crockery, information, poetry, furniture, advice, hair, business, mischief, postage, knowledge, wastage, jewelry, breakage, equipment, work, evidence, word, fuel, cost  
Note: Plural of scenery = a pieces of scenery
Singular = Plural (can be used as both)
series, species, whereabouts, aircraft, SpiceJet, hair, deer, fish, swine, sheep, cod, trout, salmon, etc.
Note: 1. There were 20 fish in the pond. 2. There were 20 types of fish in the pond.
I have black hair.
I found three (strands of) hairs in my pizza
Always Plural Noun
1. Scissors 2. Binoculars 3. Headphones 4. Sunglasses 5. Spectacles 6. Goggles 7. Tongs 8. Pliers 9. Pincers 10. Gallows 11. Pants 12. Shorts 13. Tweezers 14. Bellows 15. Guts 16. Fangs  17. News 18. Jeans 19.  Pajamas 20. Tights
Alms, amends, archives, arrears, auspicious, congratulations, embers, fireworks, lodging, outskirts, particulars, proceeds, regards, riches, remains, savings, shambles, surroundings, tidings, troops, tactics, thanks, wages, belongings, goods, eaves, assets, premises, arms, earrings, etc
police, people, infantry, peasantry, gentry, poultry, cattle, cavalry, vermin
Note : wages (singular) : parinam
Note : wages (plural) : majduri
Note: peoples : from different races (types of people). eg: Peoples from 20 nations will participate in the G-20 conference.
Note: A people: one type of people. eg : Marathas are a people known for their bravery.
Spectacles (plural) - singular: a pair of spectacles
Singular-Plural (Special words)
Bacterium
Bacteria
Medium
Media
curriculum
curricula
maximum
maxima
datum
data
erratum
errata
memorandum
memoranda
Radius
radii
focus
foci
fungus
fungi
syllabus
syllabi
Neucleus
neculei
alumnus
alumni (old student)
axis
axes
crisis
crises
basic
bases
analysis
analyses
thesis
theses
hypothesis
hypotheses
criterion
criteria
phenonmenon
phenonmena
formula
formulae
lacuna
lacunae

English Nouns Read More »

English nouns

English Basic

English

 1.SENTENCE STRUCTURE :

      • Sentence→ Subject + Predicate
        Subject:  A. Main Word (Noun/ Pronoun)
                         B. Qualifier ⇒ There Parts :
        1. Determiner : used before Main Word        2. Adjective  : used before Main Word

        3. Adjective Phrase : used after Main Word
        Predicate ⇒ There Parts :
        1. Verb
        2. Object                                           
        3. Compliment : Subject compliment, Object compliment 
        Verb: Two Type ⇒ 1. Living (Identification-give answer of word Whom?)
        2. Non living (Identification-give answer of word What?)
        Object: Two Type ⇒ 1. Direct (Identification-give answer of word What
        2. Indirect (Identification-give answer of word Whom?)
        NOTE : Subject + Link verb + subject compliment
        some examples :-
        * Priya (Sub), saw(non living verb i.e. saw what? ) a green snake(Predicate).
        * They (Sub) walked(give answer of where i.e. NO direct object) into a big mall.
        [here mall is the object for preposition INTO].
        NOTE : ”preposition always takes its own object”

     2. HELPING VERB :                          

    Be Family Has/ Have Family Do Family Modals
    Is, Am, Are, Be Has/ Have, Does, Do can , could, will, would, shall, should etc.
    Was, Were Had Did
    Been, Being Has, Have Done

    3. PASSIVE VOICE :

        • Identification of Passive voice : [Be family Helping Verb] + [Verb 3rd form]

      4. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS :

          • Transitive Verbs : Give answer of word -WHAT (Direct obj.) & WHOM(Indirect Obj.)
            [Transitive Verb] +[Object]

          • Intransitive Verbs : NO object found after verb but any word found after verb gives answer of word -Where, why, how, when. The word may be adjective or adverb.
            some eg :
            * Karan has donated (transitive) much money [donated what ? = much money]
            * She sang (intransitive) beautifully in the party. [sang how ? = beautifully]
            * She gave(Di-transitive) them five hundred rupees. [gave what ? = money, whom ? =them]
            NOTE : WE CAN MAKE PASSIVE VOICE OF ONLY TRANSITIVE VERBS. 

        Subject + transitive verb +[ noun/ pronoun ]⇐ object⇐ gives answer of what and whom.
        Subject + Intransitive verb + [Preposition +noun/ pronoun]⇐ adjective/ adverb⇐ gives answer of how, where, when.

        5. LINLING VERB :

        Sub + linking verb + [sub. compliment]⇐works as : noun / adjective but never works as adverb.
        Some eg:
        Radha seems (link verb) happy(noun)/ happily(adv)
        He spoke (main verb) happy (N) happily(adv).

         

        6. HELPING VERB WORK AS A MAIN VERB :

            • List of these helping verbs : 
              1. Be Family
              2. Has Have Family
              3. Do Family
              4. Link Verb list : Become, Appears, Look, Sound, Grow, Seem, Turn, Resemble etc.

          7. DETERMINERS :

              • we divide determiners into two categories : 
                Group A : 
                Articles [A, AN, THE]
                Possessive Pronoun [my, our, his, their, etc]
                Demonstrative Pronoun [this, that, these, those] 
                Group B :
                1. Quantity [ little. all, much, some]
                2. Number [many, few, all, some etc]
                3. Others [ either, neither, each, every etc]
                Some important rule for use of determiners :
                1. Determiners + Noun [yes] eg. All boys
                2. Determiners + Pronoun [No] eg. all you [x]
                3. Determiners + of + Pronoun [yes] eg. all of you

              • Sub + H.V + all/each/both/ + Main verb

              • sub (plural) + H.V(work as main verb) + all/each/both [if main verb not given]

              • Object (plural Pronoun) + both/all/each 
                we must invite all of them/ them all to the party. [here them is plural obj]
                all they [No], They all [yes]

              • Main verb + prep + [ noun/ pronoun ] ⇐ adverb

              • Link verb + prep + [ Noun/ Pronoun ] ⇐ adjective

            English Basic Read More »

            © 2024 | sscprepo | Powered by Elementor

            Scroll to Top