Chemistry Important Facts and Discoveries
- Chemistry Important Facts related to elements
- Highest melting point→ Tungsten (W), 3500• c
- Lowest Melting Point→ Helium (He)
- Most reactive elements→ Solid: Lithium (Li), Liquid: Cs, Gas: F
- Most Stable element→ Tellurium (Te)
- Smallest atom→ Hydrogen
- largest atom→ Cs
- Most electro +ve→ Cs (among stable), Fr (Overall)
- Total Gaseous elements→ 11
- Total liquid elements→ 4 [ bromine, gallium, cesium, mercury ]
- Total solid elements → 89
- volatile ‘d-block’→ Zn, Cd, Hg
- Most abundant on earth→ O2
- Most Rare on earth→ Astatine (At)
- Most abundant Metal→ Al, Fe
- Metal with the highest oxidation Number→ Ruthenium (Ru), Osmium (Os)
- Strongest Base→ Cs(OH)
- Strongest Basic oxide→ Cs2O
- Most Poisonous element→ Plutonium
Electron-Affinity Vs Electron-Negativity
- Electron-Affinity: power to pull electrons and also keep them with itself
Electon-affinity Decreases from UP→Down in the periodic table. Highest affinity: Cl (chlorine)
Lowest affinity: Noble gas - Electon-Negativity: power only to pull the electrons toward itself
Electron-Negativity Increase from Left→Right in the periodic table. Highest electon-Negativity: Florine. Lowest: Cs- Elements kept under Kerosene Oil (MITTI KA TEL)→ Na, K, Cs, Rubidium
- Bridge metal→ Na, Mg
- Nobel metal→ Au, Pt
- Amphoteric metal→ (Zn, Al, Sn, Pb)
Amphoteric: Which react as both Acid and base - Amphoteric Non-metal→ Si
- Metalloid (metal + Non-metal)
Boron, Si, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium - Heaviest metal→ Os
- Hardest Narural→ Diamond
- Dry Bleacher→ O3
- Natural Explosive→ NCl3
- Oldest known organic acid→ CH3COOH (acetic acid)
- Freon gas→ CF2Cl2
- Strongest oxidizing agent→ F
(due to small size and high electro +ve) - Strongest reducing agent→ among Halogen: I (Iodine)and totally: Lithium
-
Important discoveries in chemistry:
- Kinetic theory of gases→ Maxwell
- Chemical equilibrium→ Le-Chatlier
- Conservation of mass→ Lavoisier
- Law of octate→ New Land
- Nuclear fission→ Otto Hahn & Strassman
- Discovry of Nitrogen (N2)→Lavoisier
- Valance bond theory→ Pauli-slater
- Hybridisation theoy→ Sidwick-Powell
- Helium→ Lockyer & Frank land
- Frist law of thermodynamics→ Helmholtz
- H2SO4→ Le Favre
- Gaseous diffusion→ Grahm
- Ozone (O3)→ Van Marum
- Gaseous equation→ van der wall
- Mesons→ Yukava
- X-ray→ Roentzen
- Neucleus & Nuclear reaction→ Rutherford
- Wave Nature of light→ Max Plank
- Ammonia, Laughing gas→ Pristly
- Periodic table→Mandelebv
- Modern periodic table→ Mosley
- long periodic table→ Neils bhore
- Molecular orbital theory→ Hund & Mulliken
- Radium, Plutonium→ Marrie curie
- Benzene→ Kekule
- Cement→ Josheph espidon
- Electolysis→ Michal faraday
- law of partial pressure & Atomic model→ John dalton
- Radio activity→ henry becquerel
- Potassium and sodium→ Humphery Davy
- Wave nature of elctron→ Davison & germer
- HCL→Johann Rudolf Glauber