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Biology

Biology

Nutrition in Animals

Nutrition in Animals: Introduction 

  • Nutrition in animals: The process of taking food and its utilization by the body is called nutrition.
  • Mode of nutrition: 1. Autotrophic  Nutrition, 2. Heterotrophic Nutrition.
    Autotrophic:
    Yuglina (example of autotrophs) Note: Yuglina is the link between animals and plants.
    Heterotrophic: Parasites, Predators etc
  • Nutrients: The substances found in food are called nutrients. Basic nutrients in our food are Vitamins, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Minerals, Fats, water etc.
  • Micro Nutrients: required in small amounts by our body. Examples of micro-nutrients is Minerals like Iodine, Iron and Calcium etc.
  • Table: Micro-nutrients 
Minerals 
(Micro-Nutrients) 
Deficiency 
Disease
Zinc (Zn)
Rough skin, Stunted growth, Lose of fertility, Weak immunity system
Iron (Fe)
Deficiency of haemoglobin leads to anaemia, weakness
Florine (F)
Weakness of teeth
Iodine (I)
Goiter
Copper (Cu)
Blood loss, weakness of connective tissue and blood vessels 
Manganese (Mn)
Irregular cartilage growth, weak bone connective tissue 
Cobalt (Cu)
Anaemia
Chromium (Cr)
Irregular glucose production metabolism and energy 
Molybdenum (Mo)
Irregular excretion of nitrogenous substances 
Selenium (Se)
Cardiovascular disease 
  • Macro Nutrients: required in large amounts by our body. An example of a macro-nutrient is Carbohydrates.
  • Table: Macro-nutrients 
Minerals 
(Macro-Nutrients) 
Deficiency 
Disease
Calcium (Ca)
Teeth and bones become weak
Phosphorus (P)
Weak bones that leads to poor physiology of body
Sulphur (S)
Irregularity in proteins metabolism 
Potassium (K)
Weak muscles, low blood pressure, risk of paralysis 
Chlorine (Cl)
Loss of appetites and muscles cramps 
Sodium (Na)
Low blood pressure, muscles cramps
Magnesium (Mg)
Irregularity in metabolism activities leads to affect our nerves system 

Vitamins: The body’s fuel

  • Some Facts about Vitamins:

The vitamin is a Carbonic Compound and helps in the regulation of Chemical reactions in our body. Funk the scientist ‘discovered’ the Vitamin and also gave the ‘word’ Vitamin. We can’t obtain energy from the vitamins. There are mainly 6 types of Vitamins: Vitamin A, B, C, D, E, and K. Out of these six vitamins only two Vitamin B and Vitamin C are Water soluble and the remaining four, Vitamin K, E, D, and A are Fat soluble. The first discovered vitamin is B(Thiamine). Vitamin D is synthesized by the skin and Vitamin K by the Liver.

Table: Vitamin A, C, D, E and K

Vitamin
Name
Deficiency 
Disease
Remarks
Vit. A
(Retinol)
Night Blindness
Xerophthalmia (No Tears)
Dermatosis (Dry Skin in child)
Accumulated (संचित) in Liver
Vit. C
(Ascorbic Acid)
Scurvy (blood from gums)
First destroyed on heating as compared to all othes vitamis
Help in the development of our body connective tissues and strengthen our immune system
Vit. E
(Tocopherol)
Weak reproductive system
Also called Beauty Vit.
Vit. D
(Calciferols)
Rickets: Child
Osteomalacia: adults
Vit. K
(Phylloquinone)
Blood doesn't clot in our body: Hemophilia

Table: Vitamin B-complex.


 

Nutrition in Animals Read More »

Human digestive system

Human Digestive System

Human Digestive System:

  • The breakdown of complex food is called Digestion.
  • Carbohydrates break down into Glucose.
    Protein breakdown into Amino Acid.
    Fat breakdown into Fatty Acid.
  • In the Human digestive system, the breakdown of complex food is absorbed by the blood and transported to all body parts.
  • Digestion is the hydrolytic reaction.
  •  

Alimentary Canal:

  • Length: 30 feet or 9 Meters
  • It has 7 Parts:
    Alimentary Canal: Mouth→Oesophagus→Stomach→Small Intestine→Large Intestine→Rectum→Anus.

Mouth: The First part of the Human Digestive System

  • In the human digestive system, the Partial digestion of Carbohydrates/ Starch takes place here.
  • Saliva:
    (1.) Lubricant: MUCUS
    (2) Enzymes: (I) Ptyalin (ii) Lysozyme
    (I) Ptyalin:
    It converts starch into Maltose
    (ii) Lysozyme:
    It kills bacteria present in the food.
  • Appiglotis:  It Separates food pipe from the windpipe.
  • PH of Saliva: 6.8
    Note: PH: Potential of Hydrogen. It measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in the substance. 
    Enzymes get their energy from PH. PH scale was discovered by Soren Peter. PH is also called the ‘Bio-catalyst of the body‘.

Oesophagus:

  • NO digestion of food takes place here.
  • Length: 25cm
  • Food moves in it by ‘Peristalsis Pressure’.
  • Divided into three parts: (i) Cervical (ii) Thoracic (iii) Abdominal

Stomach:

  • Partial digestion of Protein and fats takes place here.
  • It produces Glycoprotein in the intestine, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
  • The stomach has three cells:
    (i) Peptic/ Zymogenic/ Chief Cell
    Secrete two types of Pro-enzymes- 1. Pepsinogen, 2. Pro-renin
    Pepsinogen + HCL = Pepsin
    Pro-renin + HCL = Renin
  • (ii) Oxyntic/ Parietal Cell: HCL is released by it, which activates Pepsinogen and pro-renin.
  • (iii) Globlet Cell: Released MOUCUS substance which protects the Stomach wall from acid(HCL) attack.
  • Pepsin:
    It converts protein into Polypeptides(amino acids).
    PH of pepsin: 2.2
    Renin: It converts Milk into casein Protein
  • Parts of Stomach: 
    (i) Cardia (Upper part)
    (ii) Fundus (MIddle Part)
    (iii) Pyloric (Lower part- in this part Gastric gland is found).

Small Intestine:

  • The major part of the Digestive System.
  • The longest part of the alimentary canal: 6.25 meters.
  • Small Intestine has three parts:
    (i) Duodenum (uncoiled)
    (ii) Jejunum (Slightly coiled)
    (iii) ileum (Highly coiled)
  • Digestion and absorption of Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats, Nucleic Acid, etc takes place here.

Large Intestine: 

  • No digestion of food takes place as already digested food reaches here.
  • Complete Absorption of food and water takes place here.
  • Length: 1.5 meters
  • Three parts:
    (i)Caecum
    (ii)Colon
    (iii)Rectum
  • Note: The ileum of the small intestine and the Ceacum of the large intestine are connected.

Liver:

  • Weight of Liver in human:
    Male=1.4-1.8kg and Female=1.2-1.5kg.
  • Unit of liver: Hepatocyte
  • The first Organ work in a baby is the liver.
  • The liver is made of hepatocyte cells. These cells are covered in the ‘Glisson’s capsule’
  • The liver is the largest organ of our body. It helps get rid of toxic materials from our bodies.
    It detoxifies the drugs and alcohol from the body.
  • Liver Function: 
    1. Production of Bile Juice (85% H2O + 12% pigment). Ph = 7 to 8.6 (alkaline).
    Bile juice helps in the Emulsification of fats (which means it transfers fat into the blood).
    Bile juice does not help in the digestion of food because there are no enzymes present in it.
  • Two Pigments are present in the bile juice: (i)Biliverdin and (ii) Bilirubin
    (i) Biliverdin:
    Green in color and present in low amount.
    (ii) Bilirubin: Yellow and present in large amounts. It is responsible for the yellow color of Plasma and Fences.
  • 2. Deamination (remove ammonia from the body).
  • 3. Excretion of urea from the body.
  • 4. Glycogensis (convert excess glucose into glycogen)
  • 5. Glycogenolysis (convert excess glycogen into glucose)
  • 6. Lipogensis (convert excess glucose and amino acid into fats).
  • 7. Haemopoesis (Formation of RBCs)
  • 8. Secretion of Protein:
    Heparin (
    Blood anti-coagulation properties)
    Fibrinogen (
    Helps in blood clotting)
  • 9. Synthesis of vitamin A form β-carotene.
  • 10. Production of heat – control body temperature.
  • 11. Osmoregulation – balanced body water level
  • 12. Storage: Glycogen, Fats, Blood, Water, Iron, Potassium, and Vitamins K, E, D, A.  
    [Vitamins soluble in Fats: KEDA]

Gall Bladder:

  • It only stores bile juice.
  • Stone (पथरी): made of Calcium Oxalate.
  • Rats and Horses have no gallbladder present in their body.

Pancreas:

  • It is both the Endocrine as well as Exocrine gland.
  • Exocrine Part: consists of Pancreatic juice
    Pancreatic juice contains: (i) Insulin, (ii) Glucagon, (iii) Somatostatin
  • Endocrine Part: consists group of cells calledISLETS OF LANGERHANS
    ISLETS OF LANGERHANS have four cells:
    1. α-cell (alfa): Secrete – Glucogen Hormones
    2. β-cell (beta): Secrete – Insulin Hormones
    3. δ-cell (delta): Secrete –  Somatostatin Hormones
    4. F-cell or PP-cell: Digestion
  • Glucogen Hormones increase the amount of Glucose in our body
    Insulin Hormones
    decrease the amount of Glucose in our body
    Somatostatin Hormone
    controls both the glycogen as well as insulin. This opposite effect is called the ‘Antagonistic Effect’ 
  • When Insulin(↑) ⇒ Glucose (↓)  Results in Hypo-gly-comma  
    When Insulin(↓) ⇒ Glucose (↑)  Results in Diabetic/ Mellitus
  • Insulin:
    Discovery: Dr. H Banting
    Metal present in insulin: Zinc
    Metal present in Haemoglobin: Fe
    Metal present in Chloroplast: Mg

Human Digestive System Read More »