Acid+Base= Salt

• Acid: Acids are sour.

PH Paper:

• Litmus paper is made of Lychens (Algae+Fungi). Lichens is an air pollutant indicator means in the presence of Sulpher it does not exist

PH Scale:

• PH Scale is used to check the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is represented by  -log[H⁺]. Discovered by
  SPL Sorreson. Note: The PH meter is discovered by Beckmen

Acid:

• According to Arrhenius acid increases the concentration of H⁺ ions in solution.
  HCL → H⁺ + Cl^–
• According to Bronsted a substance that donates proton is called acid.
  Metal + H₂O = H⁺ ions
• Acid change
  Blue litmus→Red
  Methyl orange→Pink
  Phenolphalein→No change
  Turmeric→No change

Base

• According to Arrhenius Base increases the concentration of OH^– ions in solution.
  NaOH → Na⁺ + OH^–
  
• According to Bronsted a substance that accepts the proton is called base.
  NaOH → Na⁺ + OH^–
• Base change:
  Red litmus→Blue
  Methyl orange→Yellow
  Phenolphalein→Pink
  Turmeric→Red

Buffer Solution:

• A solution whose Ph scale value does not change when we add some amount of acid/ base to it called a buffer solution. eg. CH₃COONH₄, NH₄CN₄ , protein, amino acid.
• Acidic Buffer= Acetic Acid + Sodium acetate
  Basic Buffer= Sodium Hydroxide + Ammonium Chloride

HCL (Hydrochloric Acid):

• Making of HCL
  NaCl+ H₂So₄  →NaHSo₂+HCL
• HCL was discovered by→Johann Rudolf Glauber and later Preistly obtained in the purest form.
• Also called Royal water, Muriatic acid, Gastric acid
• Used as Bathroom Cleaner, Bleaching of Glass, tanning of leathers, etc
• Used in making Chlorine and Aqua-regia
  *Note: Aqua regia=  the ratio of concentrated HCL and  Concentrated HNo₃ in 3: 1
  *Aqua regia is used to dissolve Gold and Platinum.
  
• Used as a solvent to dissolve noble gases.

Acid rain

• H₂So₄ and HNo₃ are found in the acid rain. The pH of acid rain is 5.6.
• So₂ and No₂ are responsible for acid rain and also cause stone/ marble cancer. The Taj Mahal’s colour changes into yellowish due to acid rain.

HNO₃ Nitric Acid (शोरे का अम्ल):

• Also called Aqua-Fortis. Made by the Ostwald Process in which Pt (Platinum) is used as a catalyst.
• Used in making fertilizers (here we used ammonium nitrate)
• used in making TNT (2,4,6-Trinitro Tulane). TNT is used in land minings made by Julius Wilbrant.

H₂So₄ Sulphuric Acid

• King of chemicals/ Oil of vitriol
• Used in petrol purifier, Paints making and battery acid.
• Lead storage batteries contain H₂So₄= 32% and Dilute water= 68%
• Made by the contact process/ Chamber process (Catalyst=Pt).

H₃PO₄ Phosphoric Acid

• Salt of phosphoric acid makes our bones.

Note: Ascorbic acid is the source of vitamin C, Uric acid found in the urine of Mammals
caused Gauts arthritis and Oxalic acid is used to remove stains from clothes.

Sequence of Strong and weak acids:

• Strong Acids
  HCL > HNO₃ >H₂SO₄ > CH₃COOH
  Note: Organic Acids are weak acids.
• Halogen group sequence
  HI > HBr > HCL > HF
• Strong Bases
  KOH and NaOH

Some Important Points:

• Acid + Carbonate = CO₂ Gas ↑
• Acid + Metals (except Cu) = H₂ Gas ↑
• Identification of CO₂ :
  When we add CO₂ to Ca(OH)₂, it turns Milky in colour, due to the formation of Calcium Carbonate
• some important formulae :
  * Methyle Alcohol = Sprite [ CH3OH ]
  * Ethyl Alcohol = Alcohol [ C₂H₅OH ]
  * Acetic Acid = Vinegar [ CH3COOH ]

Hard Water:

• Hard water is the salt of Ca and Mg.
• There are two types of Hardness of Water
  1. Temporary Hardness 2. Permanent Hardness
• Temporary Hardness of water:
  In Temporary hardness, the carbonate of Mg and Ca are found,[ Ca (HCo₃)₂ and Mg(HCo₃)₂ ].
  and this hardness is removed by boiling the water.
• Permanent Hardness of Water:
  Sulphate of Ca and Mg are found [ MgSo₄, CaSo₄ ]
  and this permanent hardness can be removed by adding (i) Zeolite, (ii) washing Soda and (iii) EDTA [Ethylene Di-amine Tetra Acetate]