Chemistry Important Facts and Discoveries

• Chemistry Important Facts related to elements
  
  •  Highest melting point→ Tungsten (W), 3500^• c
  • Lowest Melting Point→ Helium (He)
  • Most reactive elements→ Solid: Lithium (Li), Liquid: Cs, Gas: F
  • Most Stable element→ Tellurium (Te)
  • Smallest atom→ Hydrogen
  • largest atom→ Cs
  • Most electro +ve→ Cs (among stable), Fr (Overall)
  • Total Gaseous elements→ 11
  • Total liquid elements→ 4 [ bromine, gallium, cesium, mercury ]
  • Total solid elements → 89
  • volatile ‘d-block’→ Zn, Cd, Hg
  • Most abundant on earth→ O₂
  • Most Rare on earth→ Astatine (At)
  • Most abundant Metal→ Al, Fe
  • Metal with the highest oxidation Number→ Ruthenium (Ru), Osmium (Os)
  • Strongest Base→ Cs(OH)
  • Strongest Basic oxide→ Cs₂O
  • Most Poisonous element→ Plutonium

Electron-Affinity Vs Electron-Negativity

• Electron-Affinity: power to pull electrons and also keep them with itself
  Electon-affinity Decreases from UP→Down in the periodic table. Highest affinity: Cl (chlorine)
  Lowest affinity: Noble gas
• Electon-Negativity: power only to pull the electrons toward itself
  Electron-Negativity Increase from Left→Right in the periodic table. Highest electon-Negativity: Florine. Lowest: Cs
  • Elements kept under Kerosene Oil (MITTI KA TEL)→ Na, K, Cs, Rubidium
  • Bridge metal→ Na, Mg
  • Nobel metal→ Au, Pt
  • Amphoteric metal→ (Zn, Al, Sn, Pb)
    Amphoteric: Which react as both Acid and base
  • Amphoteric Non-metal→ Si
  • Metalloid (metal + Non-metal)
    Boron, Si, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium
  • Heaviest metal→ Os
  • Hardest Narural→ Diamond
  • Dry Bleacher→ O₃
  • Natural Explosive→ NCl₃
  • Oldest known organic acid→ CH₃COOH (acetic acid)
  • Freon gas→ CF₂Cl₂
  • Strongest oxidizing agent→ F
    (due to small size and high electro +ve)
  • Strongest reducing agent→ among Halogen: I (Iodine)and totally: Lithium

• Important discoveries in chemistry:

  • Kinetic theory of gases→ Maxwell
  • Chemical equilibrium→ Le-Chatlier
  • Conservation of mass→ Lavoisier
  • Law of octate→ New Land
  • Nuclear fission→ Otto Hahn & Strassman
  • Discovry of Nitrogen (N₂₎→Lavoisier
  • Valance bond theory→ Pauli-slater
  • Hybridisation theoy→ Sidwick-Powell
  • Helium→ Lockyer  & Frank land
  • Frist law of thermodynamics→ Helmholtz
  • H₂SO₄→ Le Favre
  • Gaseous diffusion→ Grahm
  • Ozone (O₃)→ Van Marum
  •  Gaseous equation→ van der wall
  • Mesons→ Yukava
  • X-ray→ Roentzen
  • Neucleus  & Nuclear reaction→ Rutherford
  • Wave Nature of light→ Max Plank
  • Ammonia, Laughing gas→ Pristly
  • Periodic table→Mandelebv
  • Modern periodic table→ Mosley
  • long periodic table→ Neils bhore
  • Molecular orbital theory→ Hund & Mulliken
  • Radium, Plutonium→ Marrie curie
  • Benzene→ Kekule
  • Cement→ Josheph espidon
  • Electolysis→ Michal faraday
  • law of partial pressure & Atomic model→ John dalton
  • Radio activity→ henry becquerel
  • Potassium and sodium→ Humphery Davy
  • Wave nature of elctron→ Davison & germer
  • HCL→Johann Rudolf Glauber